{"id":622,"date":"2013-04-19T12:24:29","date_gmt":"2013-04-19T17:24:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/misc.wordherders.net\/?p=622"},"modified":"2014-01-25T12:29:10","modified_gmt":"2014-01-25T17:29:10","slug":"the-boolean-logic-of-the-digital-humanities","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/misc.wordherders.net\/?p=622","title":{"rendered":"The Boolean Logic of the Digital Humanities"},"content":{"rendered":"

[The following was posted originally as a solicited response<\/a> to MediaCommons’ Survey Question:\u00c2\u00a0\u00c2\u00a0What are the differentiations and intersections of media studies and the digital humanities?<\/a>\u00c2\u00a0on April 18, 2013.]<\/p>\n

Step back in time with me, if you will, just twelve years. \u00c2\u00a0In April of 2001, the Society for Cinema and Media Studies (SCMS) was simply known as the Society for Cinema Studies; the organization did not formally adopt “and Media” into its name until 2002, a simple Boolean operation that formally institutionalized\u00c2\u00a0more than a decade of active interdisciplinary growth within that organization<\/a>. \u00c2\u00a0 In that same April of 2001, as we’re told in a\u00c2\u00a0few<\/a>\u00c2\u00a0versions<\/a>\u00c2\u00a0of the origin story, John Unsworth, Susan Schreibman, and Ray Siemens were just beginning conversations with the acquiring editor for Blackwell Publishing for what would later be entitled the Companion to Digital Humanities, chosen only after discarding \u00e2\u20ac\u201d through a different Boolean operation \u00e2\u20ac\u201d the alternatives: NOT humanities computing; NOT digitized humanities.<\/p>\n

Humanities computing was the prevalent term in 2001, and it too had its own sort of logic at work, an elaborate Venn diagram of digital libraries and archives, linguistics, and other computational methods.\u00c2\u00a0 At the University of Maryland, where I was a PhD student in the English department at the time, the two phrases at play were “humanities computing” and “digital (media) studies,” with the former most often referring to the creation of archives and tools, and the latter to the study of electronic literature, videogames, and the changing face of cinema.\u00c2\u00a0 Our colleagues over in American studies were engaged in “Constructing Cyberculture(s).” This was the title of their local 2001 conference, which I remember David Silver opening with remarks about the shape of this growing field where scholars were grappling with performance theory and Internet protocols, videogames and critical race theory.\u00c2\u00a0 We all swapped articles and debated\u00c2\u00a0terms.<\/p>\n

At that time, we were just barely into our second year of an NEH challenge grant to form the Maryland Institute for Technology in the Humanities (MITH) under the leadership of Martha Nell Smith.\u00c2\u00a0 MITH wasn’t a DH center (that phrase wasn’t popularized yet, although we had plenty of good nearby examples at places like UVA, Brown, George Mason, and elsewhere), but rather a “new technology center in the university library<\/a>.” Scholar-fellows came from all over the College of Arts and Humanities: women’s studies, American studies, ethnomusicology and comparative literature. They weren’t “digital humanists” (no such thing existed either, really).\u00c2\u00a0 They were media scholars and literary historians. \u00c2\u00a0Feminists and formalists. Filmmakers and textual editors.\u00c2\u00a0\u00c2\u00a0 Like most, I suspect, they were looking for ways to engage technology to enhance their scholarship and teaching, sifting through possible methods and technologies,\u00c2\u00a0 all while theorizing the shifting landscape of cultural (and academic) production.<\/p>\n

It’s within the context of these dozen or so years that I’d like to foreground the intersections of digital humanities and media studies.\u00c2\u00a0 Boolean logic is a relatively straight-forward series of choices (AND, OR, NOT) that can generate complex results; it’s also a method that can control fields and establish taxonomies.\u00c2\u00a0\u00c2\u00a0 A lot of recent conversation about the digital humanities has focused on how it should be defined, how it is institutionalized, and what it excludes.\u00c2\u00a0\u00c2\u00a0 To be sure, definitions can be useful, but all too often they are seen as acts of foreclosure or negation, a movement to capture a certain present, often for strategic impact, and often obscuring messy histories and generative\u00c2\u00a0futures.<\/p>\n

Instead of focusing only on\u00c2\u00a0defining<\/em>\u00c2\u00a0DH, as though we can come to a single result from a complex Boolean query, I’d like to suggest that we also consider the practice of DH as a recurring process of\u00c2\u00a0refining<\/em>. Boolean logic presumes winnowing and filtering, but as any scholar who has spent a few hours in the library knows, it also presumes iteration. The value in Boolean logic is that it allows us to start with some basic principles and come to very different results of equal value.\u00c2\u00a0 How else to explain that digital humanities can describe the use of lasers and helicopters to investigate Maya civilization, on the one hand, and the study of game software as cultural artifact, on the other? \u00c2\u00a0The messy histories remind us that DH is a term in its relative infancy deployed \u00e2\u20ac\u201d yes, strategically, tactically, rhetorically \u00e2\u20ac\u201d to encompass a broader set of traditions that themselves have complex\u00c2\u00a0backstories threaded through a host of disciplinary backgrounds and, importantly, institutional types: not just universities, but galleries, libraries, archives, and museums (the GLAM quartet), small historic homes and historical societies.<\/p>\n

When people ask me now how I define DH, I answer only: “broadly.”\u00c2\u00a0 If I\u00e2\u20ac\u2122ve learned anything in reviewing thousands of grant applications in the digital humanities, it\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s that I could never sufficiently define the term to suit all disciplines and institutional profiles.\u00c2\u00a0 However, many of the overlapping interests of media scholars and digital humanities practitioners tend to be those same\u00c2\u00a0 institutional concerns that permeate our contemporary academic culture: changes in scholarly communication practices; the positive and negative effects of IT infrastructure on teaching and research; the study of computational forms and objects and their influence; the possibilities enabled for new knowledge through joined collections and increased access to data; the creation of tools to search, collect, mine, and visualize; fostering collaborations across disciplines and\u00c2\u00a0institutions.<\/p>\n

Media scholars are particularly well-positioned to challenge assumptions we might make when it comes to the software and media that undergird much of this kind of DH work, which is one reason why ODH\u00c2\u00a0encourages grant submissions that focus on the history, criticism, and philosophy of digital culture and its impact on society<\/a>.\u00c2\u00a0 It\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s worth noting that this emphasis is not new to the agency.\u00c2\u00a0 In April 2000, NEH released a report (PDF<\/a>) that not only committed \u00e2\u20ac\u0153to ensuring that intellectual and cultural content in the humanities is available in digital form for our nation’s citizens,\u00e2\u20ac\u0153 but also emphasized that the agency has \u00e2\u20ac\u0153an important role to play in supporting projects that will examine and interpret the historical and cultural impact of this technology.\u00e2\u20ac\u009d\u00c2\u00a0 This report served as one of the early documents that shaped the eventual development of the Office of Digital Humanities several years\u00c2\u00a0later.<\/p>\n

Given the broad range of institutional types and disciplines, media scholars have been actively represented in the formation of digital humanities work as reflected in the Office of Digital Humanities’ list of funded projects (which, I should note, is just but one of many measures of what constitutes DH).\u00c2\u00a0 In 2008, in one of our earliest set of awards, we funded a start-up called MediaCommons to explore innovations in “peer-to-peer” review.\u00c2\u00a0\u00c2\u00a0 Since then, ODH has funded platforms for film analysis; institutes for multimodal scholarship; software for cultural analytics that has been used to examine manga and computer games; investigations of how scholars can access born-digital materials in the archives; or processes for how to archive born-digital materials like computer games.\u00c2\u00a0 This is a partial list (you can\u00c2\u00a0explore the full list here<\/a>), and it’s only a fraction of the much longer history of digital humanities at NEH (most of which happened before ODH even existed, or “digital humanities” as a phrase was in\u00c2\u00a0vogue).<\/p>\n

I’m not sure how many of our grantees would self-identify (without some reservation) as primarily “digital humanists.”\u00c2\u00a0 I suspect they would identify first with their home discipline, not so different from the scholar-fellows at MITH from a dozen years ago, who looked to add to their knowledge base and their methodological approaches.\u00c2\u00a0 In that respect, I like to think that DH, taken broadly, operates as a kind of Boolean composition \u00e2\u20ac\u201d a process of invoking and refining combinations of disciplines, methods, subjects, and theories to investigate research questions of interest.\u00c2\u00a0 Few people actually just “do DH.”\u00c2\u00a0 Rather, they topic model feminist texts, or analyze the social network of art dealers in 19th-century Europe, or visualize videogame speed runs, or use helicopters and lasers to do digital archaeology. Some code while others interpret code.\u00c2\u00a0 Some create archives, or digital scholarly editions. Some build tools and others theorize them.\u00c2\u00a0 Overall, however, you’ll notice there are relatively few digital humanities efforts \u00e2\u20ac\u201d even collaborative, interdisciplinary ones \u00e2\u20ac\u201d that do not, in some way, carry forward the traditions, theories, and practices of home disciplines.\u00c2\u00a0 In short, the humanities\u00c2\u00a0AND\u00e2\u20ac\u00a6<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[The following was posted originally as a solicited response<\/a> to MediaCommons’ Survey Question:\u00c2\u00a0\u00c2\u00a0What are the differentiations and intersections of media studies and the digital humanities?<\/a>\u00c2\u00a0on April 18, 2013.]<\/p>\n

Step back in time with me, if you will, just twelve years. \u00c2\u00a0In April of 2001, the Society for Cinema and Media Studies (SCMS) was […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-622","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/misc.wordherders.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/622","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/misc.wordherders.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/misc.wordherders.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/misc.wordherders.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/misc.wordherders.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=622"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/misc.wordherders.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/622\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":623,"href":"http:\/\/misc.wordherders.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/622\/revisions\/623"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/misc.wordherders.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=622"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/misc.wordherders.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=622"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/misc.wordherders.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=622"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}